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Objective:To investigate whether ginkgo biloba extract(EGb) can improve the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia(TD) by increasing the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and to explore whether the BDNF Val66Met genotype can influence the efficacy of TD by EGb.Methods:A total of 78 male schizophrenia inpatients with TD were enrolled, and 77 patients completed 12 weeks of treatment with EGb(240 mg/d). The abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) and serum BDNF levels were measured at before and after 12 weeks of treatment.Serum BDNF levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). In addition, the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was genotyped by the method of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in all patients.Results:Compared with before treatment, the scores of total AIMS((7.0±2.9) vs (4.9±2.2)), total PANSS ((55.8±14.0) vs(51.1±9.7)), subscale P((9.6±3.3) vs (8.6±2.2)), subscale N((23.2±8.3) vs (21.4±6.3)) and subscale G((23.0±4.9) vs (21.1±2.7)) were significantly decreased( P<0.01), while the levels of BDNF were significantly increased((10.8±2.9)μg/L vs (9.6±3.3)μg/L, P<0.05) in TD patients after treatment.The increased level of BDNF was positively correlated with the decrease of AIMS( r=0.28, P=0.014), but no significantly correlated with the improvement of PANSS total scores and the three subscales were found(all P>0.05). After treatment, the decrease of AIMS in patients with Val/Val genotype was significantly greater than that in patients with Val allele (Met/Val plus Met/Met genotype) (both P<0.05). Further analysis showed that only patients with Val/Met heterozygotes had a significant increase in BDNF levels after treatment ( P<0.05). Conclusions:EGb may improve TD symptoms through neuroprotective and regulatory effects.The BDNF genotype is involved in regulating the efficacy of EGb in the treatment of TD, which may be related to its regulation of BDNF serum levels.
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Objective To examine the prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'from data extracted from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) of 0.5 million adults from ten areas across China.Methods After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke or cancer,a total of 487 198 participants at baseline (2004-2008) and 22 604 participants at second survey (2013-2014),were included for analysis.'Healthy lifestyle'was defined as haing the following characteristics:a) never smoking or having stopped smoking for reasons other than illness;b) alcohol drinking ＜25 g/day (men)/＜ 15 g/day (women);c) diet rich in vegetables,fruits,legumes and fish,but low in red meat;d) upper quarter of the physical activity level;e) body mass index of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 and waist circumstance ＜85 cm (men)/80 cm (women).We calculated the healthy lifestyle scores (HLS) by counting the number of all the healthy lifestyle factors,with a range from 0 to 6.Results At baseline,prevalence rates of the above five healthy lifestyles (except physical activity) were 70.6％,92.6％,8.7％,52.6％ and 59.0％,respectively,with the mean HLS being 3.1± 1.2.Most participants (81.4％) had 2-4 healthy components,while only 0.7％ (0.2％ in men and 1.0％ in women) of all the participants had all six healthy lifestyles.Participants who were women,at younger age,with more schooling and rural residents,were more likely to adhere to the healthy lifestyle.After ten years,the mean HLS showed a slight decrease.Conclusion The prevalence of optimal lifestyles in Chinese adults appeared extremely low.Levels of'healthy lifestyle'varied greatly among those populations with different socio-demographic characteristics across the ten areas in China.
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Objective To evaluate the association of educational level with anthropometric measurements at different adult stages and their long-term changes in adults who participated in the second re-survey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB).Methods The present study excluded participants who were aged ＞65 years,with incomplete or extreme measurement values,or with major chronic diseases at baseline survey or re-survey.The weight at age 25 years was self-reported.Body height,body weight and waist circumference at baseline survey (2004-2008) and re-survey (2013-2014) were analyzed.Results The present study included 3 427 men and 6 320 women.Both body weight and waist circumference (WC) increased with age.From age 25 years to baseline survey (mean age 45.2 ± 6.5),the mean weight change per 5-year was (1.70 ± 2.63) kg for men and (1.27 ± 2.10) kg for women.From baseline survey to re-survey (53.2± 6.5),the mean changes per 5-year for body weight were (1.12±2.61) kg for men and 0.90±2.54) kg for women;and that for WC was (3.20±3.79) cm for men and (3.83 ± 3.85) cm for women.Among women,low educational level was consistently associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and WC at age 25 years,baseline survey and re-survey.Among men,low educational level was associated with higher BMI at age 25 years.At baseline survey and re-survey,the educational level in men was not statistically associated with BMI;but men who completed junior or senior high school showed slight higher WC and increase of WC from baseline survey to re-survey than other male participants.Conclusions Body weight and WC increased with age for both men and women.The associations of educational level with BMI and WC were different between men and women.
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Precision medicine became the key strategy in development priority of science and technology in China.The large population-based cohorts become valuable resources in preventing and treating major diseases in the population,which can contribute scientific evidence for personalized treatment and precise prevention.The fundamental question of the achievements above,therefore,is how to construct a large population-based cohort in a standardized way.The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association co-ordinated experienced researchers from Peking University and other well-known institutes to write up two group standards Technical specification of data processing for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 001-2018) and Technical specification of data security for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 002-2018),on data management.The standards are drafted with principles of emphasizing their scientific,normative,feasible,and generalizable nature.In these two standards,the key principles are proposed,and technical specifications are recommended in data standardization,cleansing,quality control,data integration,data privacy protection,and database security and stability management in large cohort studies.The standards aim to guide the large population-based cohorts that have been or intended to be established in China,including national cohorts,regional population cohorts,and special population cohorts,hence,to improve domestic scientific research level and the international influence,and to support decision-making and practice of disease prevention and control.
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Objective@#To explore the relationship between plasma cytokine level and cognitive function in patients with stable schizophrenia and explore the possible role of cytokine in the occurrence mechanism of cognitive impairment in them.@*Methods@#A total of 75 stable patients who met the mental disorder diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV (patient group) and 40 healthy people (control group) were included in the essay.The method of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detected the concentrations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 in all research objects.The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess the cognitive function of patients.The relationship between plasma cytokines and cognitive function of patients were analyzed when the differences of the plasma cytokines concentrations were compared between the patient group and the control group.@*Results@#(1)Compared with the control group, plasma IL-8 (2.80(2.13)pg/ml vs 0.23 (0.80)pg/ml), TNF-α (1.16(0.47)pg/ml vs 0.67(0.15)pg/ml) in the patient group showed statistically significant difference (P<0.01). (2)In the partial correlation analysis of plasma cytokines and cognitive functions in patients, TNF-α was negatively correlated with the attention/vigilance dimensions(r=-0.29, P=0.03).@*Conclusion@#Stable schizophrenia patients have some problems with cytokine level.There is a correlation between TNF-α level and attention/vigilance dimensions.What's more, cytokine level immunological abnormalities may play some role in the development of cognitive impairment occurrence in patients.
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Objective@#To evaluate the correlation between alcohol consumption and obesity in adults in China.@*Methods@#The information about alcohol consumption were collected at the baseline survey of the China Kadoorie Biobank. The general obesity and central obesity were defined by BMI and waist circumference (WC) respectively. Logistic regression model was employed to examine the relationship of drinking behavior with general obesity and central obesity.@*Results@#A total of 249 873 adults were included. A J-shaped relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and obesity measurement index (BMI and WC) in men. Compared with non-drinkers, the proportion of general obesity and central obesity were lower in light drinkers (men: OR=0.65, 95%CI: 0.59-0.71 and OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.88-0.98; women: OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.65-0.91 and OR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.80-0.99). In men, the proportion of general obesity and central obesity was highest in heavy drinkers (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.12-1.32; OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.27-1.40). BMI and WC were higher in those with a drinking frequency of 3-5 d/week, with largest of proportion of central obesity (men: OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.16-1.31; women: OR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.99-1.28). The risk for central obesity in men who began drinking every week before 20 years old was 1.24 times higher than non-drinkers (95%CI: 1.16-1.33). Those who drank beer had lower proportion of general obesity (men: OR=0.74, 95%CI: 0.67-0.82; women: OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.43-0.68).@*Conclusion@#The proportion of obesity was lower in light drinkers but higher in heavy drinkers; and the earlier drinking started, the higher the risk for obesity was.
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Long-term follow-up for end point is an extremely important and arduous task in large population-based cohort studies, which is also the key to the success of large cohort studies. Thus, the fundamental question of the achievements above is how to construct a large population- based cohort in a standardized way. The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association coordinated experienced researchers from Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention and other professional institutes to write up the group standard entitled Technical specification of long-term follow-up for end point in large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 002-2019). The standard is drafted with principles of emphasizing the scientific, normative, applicability, and feasible nature. This group standard recommended the follow-up target population, time, content, methods, quality control, and indicators assessment. The standard aims to guide the large population-based cohorts that have been or intended to be established in China, including national cohorts, regional population cohorts, and special population cohorts, hence, to improve domestic scientific research level and the international influence, and to support decision-making and practice of disease prevention and control.
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Objective@#To understand the characteristics of adulthood weight change through the analysis on data from China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Study of 0.5 million adults from ten areas in China.@*Methods@#An electronic questionnaire was used to collect the information about the body weight at age 25 years, social-demographic characteristics and lifestyle of the study subjects and their body weight were measured. After excluding the adults with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer or diabetes and those who had no data of body weight at age 25 years and those aged outside of 35-70 years, a total of 360 903 adults were included in the analysis. Adulthood weight change were defined as difference value between current body weight and body weight at age 25 years.@*Results@#The mean adulthood weight change of the participants was 4.9 kg. The adults living in urban area showed more body weight increase compared with those living in rural area, so did the adults in northern area compared with those in southern area. Among the ten areas in China, Qingdao reported the highest adulthood weight increase (9.3 kg), and Gansu reported the lowest adulthood weight increase (1.5 kg). Older adults had higher BMI at early adulthood (25 years old), but the adults aged 45-50 years had the highest adulthood body weight increase. Adults with higher educational level, higher household income level, but lower physical activity level had more body weight increase, while current smokers, farmers and workers had less body weight increase. BMI at age 25 years was negatively associated with adulthood body weight change, but current BMI was positively associated with adulthood body weight change (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#Adulthood body weight change varied greatly among population with different demographic characteristics and lifestyle and in ten areas in China.
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Objective@#To examine the association between the frequencies of bowel movement (BMF) and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).@*Methods@#In this study, 510 134 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) were included, after excluding those who reported as having been diagnosed with cancer at the baseline survey. The baseline survey was conducted from June 2004 to July 2008. The present study included data from baseline and follow-up until December 31, 2016. We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the HR and the 95%CI of incident CRC with BMF.@*Results@#During an average follow-up period of 9.9 years, 3 056 participants were documented as having developed colorectal cancer. In the site-specific analysis, 1 548 colon cancer and 1 475 rectal cancer were included. Compared with participants who had bowel movements on the daily base, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95%CI) for those who had more than once of BMF were 1.24 (1.12-1.39) for CRC, 1.12 (0.95-1.31) for colon cancer, and 1.37 (1.18-1.59) for rectal cancer. We further examined the association between BMF and CRC, according to the stages of follow-up, the corresponding HR (95%CI) for CRC, colon and rectal cancer were 1.59 (1.36-1.86), 1.43 (1.14- 1.80), and 1.76 (1.41-2.19) for the first five years, while such associations became statistically insignificant in the subsequent follow-up (P for all interactions were <0.05), as time went on. As for CRC, colon or rectal cancers among participants who had lower bowel movements, the risks were not significantly different from those who had bowel movements everyday.@*Conclusions@#Participants who had BMF more than once a day, appeared an increased risk of CRC in the subsequent five years. Since abnormal increase of bowel movements is easily recognizable, programs should be set up on health self- management and early screening for CRC.
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Objective@#To describe the regional and population-related differences in skeletal muscle mass and handgrip strength across the 10 regions of China.@*Methods@#24 533 participants aged 38-88 years from the second resurvey of China Kadoorie Biobank were included in our analyses. Appendicular and trunk skeletal muscle mass were assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (TANITA). Handgrip strength was measured using Jamar hand-held dynamometer. Low muscle mass and low muscle strength were defined as the lowest quintile of height-adjusted appendicular muscle mass or handgrip strength according to the Consensus Report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. We analyzed the mean value of absolute muscle mass, height-adjusted muscle mass, weight-adjusted muscle mass and handgrip strength. We also reported the prevalence of low muscle mass and low muscle strength.@*Results@#The average appendicular and total skeletal muscle mass were (22.0±0.02) kg and (49.7±0.05) kg in men, which were higher than in women [(15.9±0.02) kg and (37.2±0.04) kg, respectively]. The handgrip strength was (32.6±0.06) kg in men, which was higher than (19.9±0.05) kg in women. The absolute muscle mass was higher in north area and urban region (P<0.001). The weight-adjusted muscle mass showed reverse patterns of regional difference compared with height-adjusted muscle mass. Both muscle mass and handgrip strength decreased by age (trend P<0.001), with a larger decline observed in handgrip strength. According to AWGS criteria, the proportions of low muscle mass and strength increased by age. Among participants over 80 years old, the prevalence of low muscle mass and strength were 56.2% and 74.5% in men, and 35.7% and 66.0% in women.@*Conclusions@#Levels of skeletal muscle mass and strength varied greatly among people from 10 regions and among participants with different demographic characteristics. The prevalence of low muscle mass and strength was extremely high in elderly.
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Objective@#To analyze the influence of cognition on suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder.@*Methods@#A total of 108 inpatients with major depressive disorder from January 2017 to September 2018 in Beijing Huilongguan Hospital were enrolled.They were divided into suicidal ideation group (n=42) and non-suicidal ideation group (n=66) by the self-rating idea of suicide scale (SIOSS). Cognition was assessed by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(RBANS). The general situation was assessed by self-made general situation questionnaire.The related factors were analyzed by Logistic regression.@*Results@#(1) The rate of suicidal ideation was 44.4% in patients with major depressive disorder.(2) The total score of RBANS and five-factor scores of RBANS in suicidal ideation group were lower than those in non-suicidal ideation group(total RBANS score(63.0±7.9) vs (73.8±7.7); immediate memory: (62.7±8.8) vs (70.8±7.6); visual span: (67.2±10.0) vs (72.7±9.8); speech function: (83.3±13.8) vs (91.5±4.5); attention: (85.3±11.9) vs (99.9±8.5); delayed memory: (53.5±7.7) vs (62.3±9.7), F=6.335-46.660, P<0.05). (3)Logistic regression showed, years of education were risk factors for suicidal ideation(β=0.289, P=0.013, OR=1.335, 95%CI=1.063-1.676), RBANS attention factor(β=-0.161, P=0.000, OR=0.851, 95%CI=0.778-0.931)and RBANS delayed memory factor score(β=-0.151, P=0.006, OR=0.860, 95%CI=0.772-0.957)were protective factors for suicidal ideation.@*Conclusion@#Cognitive function has an impact on suicide ideation of depressive patients, mainly attention and delayed memory are protective factors for suicide ideation.
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Objective To analyze the influence of cognition on suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods A total of 108 inpatients with major depressive disorder from January 2017 to September 2018 in Beijing Huilongguan Hospital were enrolled. They were divided into suicidal idea- tion group ( n=42) and non-suicidal ideation group ( n= 66) by the self-rating idea of suicide scale (SIOSS). Cognition was assessed by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The general situation was assessed by self-made general situation questionnaire. The related fac-tors were analyzed by Logistic regression. Results (1) The rate of suicidal ideation was 44. 4% in patients with major depressive disorder. (2) The total score of RBANS and five-factor scores of RBANS in suicidal i-deation group were lower than those in non-suicidal ideation group(total RBANS score(63. 0±7. 9) vs (73. 8 ±7. 7);immediate memory:(62. 7± 8. 8) vs ( 70. 8± 7. 6);visual span:( 67. 2± 10. 0) vs ( 72. 7± 9. 8);speech function:(83. 3±13. 8) vs (91. 5±4. 5);attention:(85. 3±11. 9) vs (99. 9±8. 5);delayed memory:(53. 5±7. 7) vs (62. 3±9. 7),F=6. 335-46. 660,P<0. 05). (3) Logistic regression showed,years of educa-tion were risk factors for suicidal ideation ( β=0. 289, P=0. 013, OR=1. 335,95% CI=1. 063-1. 676), RBANS attention factor(β=-0. 161,P=0. 000,OR=0. 851,95%CI=0. 778-0. 931) and RBANS delayed memory factor score(β=-0. 151,P=0. 006,OR=0. 860,95%CI=0. 772-0. 957) were protective factors for suicidal ideation. Conclusion Cognitive function has an impact on suicide ideation of depressive patients, mainly attention and delayed memory are protective factors for suicide ideation.
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Objective To explore the relationship between plasma cytokine level and cognitive function in patients with stable schizophrenia and explore the possible role of cytokine in the occurrence mechanism of cognitive impairment in them.Methods A total of 75 stable patients who met the mental disorder diagnostic criteria of DSM-ⅣV (patient group) and 40 healthy people (control group) were included in the essay.The method of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detected the concentrations of plasma proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-8,TNF-α and IFN-γas well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 in all research objects.The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to assess the cognitive function of patients.The relationship between plasma cytokines and cognitive function of patients were analyzed when the differences of the plasma cytokines concentrations were compared between the patient group and the control group.Results (1) Compared with the control group,plasma IL-8 (2.80 (2.13) pg/ml vs 0.23 (0.80) pg/ml),TNF-α (1.16 (0.47) pg/ml vs 0.67 (0.15) pg/ml) in the patient group showed statistically significant difference (P＜0.01).(2)In the partial correlation analysis of plasma cytokines and cognitive functions in patients,TNF-α was negatively correlated with the attention/vigilance dimensions(r=-0.29,P=0.03).Conclusion Stable schizophrenia patients have some problems with cytokine level.There is a correlation between TNF-α level and attention/vigilance dimensions.What's more,cytokine level immunological abnormalities may play some role in the development of cognitive impairment occurrence in patients.
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Objective To investigate the level of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in stable schizophrenia patients, and to explore the relationship between serum VEGF level and clinical symptoms. Methods Seventy-five patients with stable schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. The levels of serum VEGF were detected by flow multiplex protein analysis. The clinical symptoms of patients were assessed by positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS). Results The level of serum VEGF was significantly lower in patients group than in healthy control group [medians (lower and upper quartiles) were 3.77 (2.61, 5.14) pg/mL vs. 6.21 (4.37, 11.16) pg/mL, P＜0.01]. There was no significant difference in serum VEGF levels between patients with different gender, smoking or family history of mental illness (P＞0.05). The level of VEGF was negatively correlated with the total score of PANSS (r=-0.27, P=0.03), negative symptom subscale score (r=-0.25, P=0.04), lack of response score (r=-0.26, P=0.02), but not with other PANSS scores (P＞0.05). Conclusion The serum level of VEGF in patients with stable schizophrenia is lower than that in healthy control group. There is, to some degree, a relationship between the level of VEGF and the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia.
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Objective To examine the prevalence of'healthy lifestyle'from data extracted from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) of 0.5 million adults from ten areas across China.Methods After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke or cancer,a total of 487 198 participants at baseline (2004-2008) and 22 604 participants at second survey (2013-2014),were included for analysis.'Healthy lifestyle'was defined as haing the following characteristics:a) never smoking or having stopped smoking for reasons other than illness;b) alcohol drinking ＜25 g/day (men)/＜ 15 g/day (women);c) diet rich in vegetables,fruits,legumes and fish,but low in red meat;d) upper quarter of the physical activity level;e) body mass index of 18.5-23.9 kg/m2 and waist circumstance ＜85 cm (men)/80 cm (women).We calculated the healthy lifestyle scores (HLS) by counting the number of all the healthy lifestyle factors,with a range from 0 to 6.Results At baseline,prevalence rates of the above five healthy lifestyles (except physical activity) were 70.6％,92.6％,8.7％,52.6％ and 59.0％,respectively,with the mean HLS being 3.1± 1.2.Most participants (81.4％) had 2-4 healthy components,while only 0.7％ (0.2％ in men and 1.0％ in women) of all the participants had all six healthy lifestyles.Participants who were women,at younger age,with more schooling and rural residents,were more likely to adhere to the healthy lifestyle.After ten years,the mean HLS showed a slight decrease.Conclusion The prevalence of optimal lifestyles in Chinese adults appeared extremely low.Levels of'healthy lifestyle'varied greatly among those populations with different socio-demographic characteristics across the ten areas in China.
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Objective To evaluate the association of educational level with anthropometric measurements at different adult stages and their long-term changes in adults who participated in the second re-survey of China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB).Methods The present study excluded participants who were aged ＞65 years,with incomplete or extreme measurement values,or with major chronic diseases at baseline survey or re-survey.The weight at age 25 years was self-reported.Body height,body weight and waist circumference at baseline survey (2004-2008) and re-survey (2013-2014) were analyzed.Results The present study included 3 427 men and 6 320 women.Both body weight and waist circumference (WC) increased with age.From age 25 years to baseline survey (mean age 45.2 ± 6.5),the mean weight change per 5-year was (1.70 ± 2.63) kg for men and (1.27 ± 2.10) kg for women.From baseline survey to re-survey (53.2± 6.5),the mean changes per 5-year for body weight were (1.12±2.61) kg for men and 0.90±2.54) kg for women;and that for WC was (3.20±3.79) cm for men and (3.83 ± 3.85) cm for women.Among women,low educational level was consistently associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and WC at age 25 years,baseline survey and re-survey.Among men,low educational level was associated with higher BMI at age 25 years.At baseline survey and re-survey,the educational level in men was not statistically associated with BMI;but men who completed junior or senior high school showed slight higher WC and increase of WC from baseline survey to re-survey than other male participants.Conclusions Body weight and WC increased with age for both men and women.The associations of educational level with BMI and WC were different between men and women.
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Precision medicine became the key strategy in development priority of science and technology in China.The large population-based cohorts become valuable resources in preventing and treating major diseases in the population,which can contribute scientific evidence for personalized treatment and precise prevention.The fundamental question of the achievements above,therefore,is how to construct a large population-based cohort in a standardized way.The Chinese Preventive Medicine Association co-ordinated experienced researchers from Peking University and other well-known institutes to write up two group standards Technical specification of data processing for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 001-2018) and Technical specification of data security for large population-based cohort study (T/CPMA 002-2018),on data management.The standards are drafted with principles of emphasizing their scientific,normative,feasible,and generalizable nature.In these two standards,the key principles are proposed,and technical specifications are recommended in data standardization,cleansing,quality control,data integration,data privacy protection,and database security and stability management in large cohort studies.The standards aim to guide the large population-based cohorts that have been or intended to be established in China,including national cohorts,regional population cohorts,and special population cohorts,hence,to improve domestic scientific research level and the international influence,and to support decision-making and practice of disease prevention and control.
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Objective To examine the associations between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyle in adults in China.Methods Data were from the baseline and second survey of China Kadoorie Biobank study,which were conducted during 2004-2008 and 2013-2014,respectively.After excluding participants with self-reported histories of coronary heart disease,stroke,cancer or diabetes,a total of 461 213 adults from baseline survey and 20 583 adults from second survey were included in the current study.Participants who reported a family history of acute myocardial infarction,stroke,cancer,or diabetes of any first-degree relative (i.e.,biological father,mother,or siblings) were defined as having a family history of majoi chronic diseases.Healthy lifestyles were defined as current nonsmoking,non-excessive alcohol drinking,eating vegetables and fruits daily,upper quarter of physical activity level,body mass index (BMI) of (18.5-23.9) kg/m2,and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ＜0.90 (man)/＜0.85 (women).Results At baseline survey,36.5％ of the participants had family history of major chronic diseases.Proportions of the above six healthy lifestyles were 70.5％,93.0％,18.0％,25.0％,53.4％,and 43.5％,respectively.Compared with participants without family history,the proportions of current nonsmoking,non-excessive drinking,normal BMI,and normal WHR were lower in participants with family history of major chronic diseases,while the proportions of eating vegetables and fruits daily,and being physically active,were higher.In general,the absolute differences in these proportions between participants with and without a family history were only slight.Similar results were observed when other family history status (the type or number of disease,the category or number of affected family members) were analysed.The association between family history of major chronic diseases and healthy lifestyles was consistently observed in the second survey 10 years later.Conclusion In Chinese population,adults with family history of major chronic diseases did not adopt healthier lifestyles.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of cooking and heating fuel use in participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study.Methods The CKB study recruited 512 891 adults from 10 areas in China during 2004-2008.Information on cooking fuel and heating fuel was collected using a questionnaire in baseline survey.The proportions of various fuels used in different areas,in different populations,and at different time points were calculated and compared.Results Overall,52.1％ participants used solid fuel for cooking or heating.Rural areas had higher prevalence of solid fuel use than urban areas.The percentage of participants using solid fuel for cooking was 36.1％ (coal 20.1％,wood/charcoal 16.0％);The percentage of participants using solid fuel for heating was 36.7％ (coal 22.7％,wood/charcoal 14.0％).The prevalence of solid fuel use and the fuel type mainly used varied widely across 10 areas.The proportion of clean fuel use was lower in less-educated and lower-income people.Household coal and wood/charcoal use showed a declining trend,which was more remarkable in urban areas.Conclusion There are still a large number of rural residents and people with low income relying on solid fuel in China,which is a serious public health concern.
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Objective To understand the association between central obesity,assessed by waist circumference,and the risks for ischemic heart disease (IHD),major coronary event (MCE),and IHD death.Methods After excluding participants with heart disease,stroke,cancer,COPD,and diabetes at baseline survey,we included a total of 428 595 participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank for the analysis.The baseline survey was conducted from June 2004 to July 2008.We used Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95％CI.Results During an average 9.1 years of follow-up (3 803 637 person-years),we documented 26 900 incident cases of IHD,4 320 cases of MCE,and 2 787 of deaths from IHD.After adjustment for possible confounders and BMI,central obesity was found to be associated with increased risks for IHD,MCE,and IHD death.The adjusted HRs (for the participants who had waist circumference of 85.0-89.9 cm in men and 80.0-84.9 cm in women were 1.13 (95％CI:1.09-1.17) for IHD,1.15 (95％CI:1.05-1.26) for MCE and 1.11 (95％ CI:0.98-1.24) for IHD death.The respective HRs for those central obese participants (men ≥90.0 cm,women ≥85.0 cm) were 1.29 (95％ CI:1.24-1.34),1.30 (95％ CI:1.17 1.44) and 1.32 (95％CI:1.16 1.5 1).Further stratification analysis according to BMI showed that the risks for incident IHD,MCE,and IHD death increased along with the increase of waist circumference even in the participants with normal weight.Conclusion This large-scale prospective study revealed that central obesity was an independent risk factor for IHD in adults in China,and the risk of IHD would increase with the increase of waist circumference.